The
biological corridors (BCs) of Bhutan are conservation area set aside to connect
one or more protected areas (PA) to facilitate wildlife movement. Eight in
numbers and covering 8.61 percent of the total land area of Bhutan, BCs were
first established in 1999, declared as a gift to the earth from people of
Bhutan. With BCs added to the protected area network, today more than 50
percent of the country falls under the network known as Bhutan Biological
Conservation Complex. Amongst other wildlife, the BCs are expected to enable
safe migratory route for the tigers (Panthera tigris) between various
protected areas in Bhutan.
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| Connecting Temperate Forests and Alpine Mountains- BC8 Landscape |
Tiger
is an iconic and charismatic species in Bhutan, which has great conservation
significance both spiritually and scientifically. Spiritually, tigers are
deeply revered in Bhutan’s Buddhist society with them featuring in many myths
and legends such as the flying tigress of Taktshang (Tiger nest Monastry), the
third animal of Buddhist zodiac, the four most powerful animals (the other
three being Snow Lion, Garuda and Dragon which are all non-existent), etc.
Tiger’s therefore, connects myth with reality. Tiger masked dances are
portrayed during festivals, and are also beautifully painted on the walls of
the buildings. Therefore, people in general have basic knowledge about tiger
and have reverence towards it. On the ecological front, tiger is the largest
carnivore found throughout Bhutan and play an important role in maintaining a
viable ecosystem. Many conservation efforts are driven by tiger, thus serving
as an important flagship species for the Himalayan kingdom.
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| The Location of BC8 in Bhutan |
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tigers were counted across Bhutan during the National Tiger Survey in 2015 but
density were higher in certain pockets of the country. The tiger rich protected
areas include Royal Manas National Park in the south and Jigme Singye Wangchuck
National Park in central Bhutan. Wangchuck Centennial National Park, the
largest protected area in northern Bhutan, on the other hand have fewer tiger number.
The Biological Corridor No. 8 (BC8), which connects JSWNP with WCNP is
therefore expected to help in enabling safe dispersal of tiger from the tiger
rich PAs in south to the northern PAs. With tigers recorded at elevations as
high as 4500 metres, WCNP despite most of its area being alpine region, have
potential to hold more tigers than it does today.
Studies
reported prey abundance as a strong determinant for tiger occurrence so with a
goal to assess the structural connectivity of BC8, I conducted a field study
using remote camera traps in the BC8 in the spring of 2018. Occupancy modeling
was done for the primary prey species such as Sambar (Rusa unicolor), Wild
boar (Sus scrofa) and Barking deer (Muntjac muntjiacus) taking
into account various ecological and anthropogenic covariates. With one or the
other primary prey species recorded in 65 percent of the total camera stations,
the BC exhibited good occupancy of prey species. Species specific probability
of occurrence for all three primary prey species were over 50 percent.
Therefore, it is very likely that the existing pattern of prey occupancy will
attract tiger to move through the corridor.
Interestingly,
many of my camera traps also photo-captured tiger and upon careful examination
of the tiger images, two tiger individuals were positively identified based on
its unique stripping pattern. Predicted habitat use probability of tiger in BC8
from the study indicated possible habitat for the third tiger during the
season, though I could not ascertain the tiger captured from that habitat as a
unique individual as I could not obtain image of both the flanks of the tigers.
Thus, the study affirmed that BC8 is indispensable for tigers either and their
home range or for using as dispersal corridor. Also captured in the camera
traps were four other wild felid species (common leopard, clouded leopard,
Asiatic golden cat, marbled cat), Himalayan black bear, musk deer, serow,
goral, etc.., stressing the need to protect the landscape.
On
the contrary, while the corridors were designed some decades ago, many people
are still oblivious about the existence of it in their locality, which is an
insult to the conservation practitioners. It only indicates the lack of
conservation awareness education among the indigenous peoples. It was also
disheartening to learn from the nomadic herders and agro pastoralists, how the
tigers were a nuisance for them with tiger killing many of their livestock. For
an instance, tiger killed 3 study yaks of Mr. Wangdi in a single season alone,
and social interaction among the herders shared similar stories. This gives a
clue that tigers are clearly fighting for their existence with dependency on
domestic prey. Tiger’s unusual behaviour contradicting the probability of prey
occupancy raises more question on what is wrong in the corridor and how to
rectify it? While it was sad to hear about their losses, yet it was appealing
to learn that there were no stories of retaliation in the region and people
still have reverence for the animal, which in itself builds hope for the
conservationist.
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| Author during the field work (T-1 Location) |
As
I accomplished the field work and looked into the results of my analysis, I
felt the urgency in the need to educate the local indigenous herders about the
concept of biological corridors to them and the crucial need for tiger
conservation considering the current global threats and its risk of extinction.
It is also equally vital to look into the depredation incidences and seek
innovative mitigation measures so that we can transform the local people as
partners of conservation. Tigers require large areas to establish their
territories and as tiger population increases in the protected areas like RMNP
and JSWNP, they will venture out. With the big cats dwindling in numbers across
their ranges worldwide, Bhutan’s network of protected areas are providing safe
haven for the species to thrive. Capturing tigers in the biological corridor
strengthens our conviction that BC8 is already exhibiting its functional
connectivity. With the concerned authorities looking seriously into social
issues and heightening SMART patrols and constant monitoring, the Biological
Corridor No. 8 will continue to remain a Corridor of Hope for Tigers and raises
hope for other others in the landscape. Bhutan can ensure that this magnificent
and fierce species does not blink out of existence.
Note: My research in the BC 8 was funded by the National Geographic Society, German Academic Exchange Programme (DAAD), with reassuring support from Department of Forests and Park Services (NCD and JSWNP).
